Trying to Get Pregnant? 10 Things That May Be Affecting Your Fertility

Fertility changes with age, particularly for women. Age-related changes can affect the number and quality of eggs and may influence the likelihood of conception. Age can also be relevant to male reproductive health. Your individual circumstances should be assessed by a qualified healthcare professional rather than relying on age alone.

Regular ovulation is important for conception. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other hormonal or ovarian disorders can interfere with ovulation. Irregular or absent menstrual periods may therefore warrant medical assessment.

Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes can make it difficult for the egg and sperm to meet. Tubal problems may be associated with previous infections, including some sexually transmitted infections, complications following certain procedures or surgery, and other pelvic conditions.

Conditions affecting the uterus, including endometriosis, fibroids and certain structural abnormalities, may affect fertility in some women. Proper assessment is important because the effect can vary from person to person.

Fertility is not only a woman's concern. Male factors can contribute to difficulty conceiving and may involve sperm production, sperm count, movement or shape, hormonal problems, reproductive tract obstruction or other conditions. For this reason, assessment may be appropriate for both partners.

Smoking can negatively affect reproductive health. WHO's recent evidence summary reports associations between tobacco use and infertility in women, as well as harmful effects on sperm and male sexual function. Second-hand smoke exposure may also present reproductive risks.

Excessive alcohol consumption and obesity have been associated with infertility. Other lifestyle and environmental factors may also influence reproductive health. A healthcare professional can help you identify relevant risks and recommend appropriate steps based on your circumstances.

Certain infections, particularly untreated sexually transmitted infections, can cause complications that affect the reproductive system. Seeking appropriate medical care for suspected infections and practising safer sexual health behaviours can help reduce preventable reproductive health complications.

Some medical conditions and treatments can affect reproductive function. For example, certain treatments may affect sperm-producing cells, while hormonal or endocrine disorders may interfere with reproductive processes. Do not stop prescribed medication because you are trying to conceive. Instead, discuss your medicines and medical history with a qualified doctor.

Difficulty conceiving does not always have an obvious explanation. WHO recognises that infertility can result from male factors, female factors, a combination of factors, or remain unexplained. This is why appropriate medical evaluation is important rather than assuming that one partner is responsible.

If pregnancy has not occurred after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse, it is appropriate to seek medical evaluation. Earlier assessment may be appropriate depending on your age, medical history, menstrual or reproductive symptoms, previous infections, surgery or other relevant circumstances.

A fertility evaluation may involve reviewing the medical and reproductive history of both partners and, where appropriate, carrying out examinations or investigations recommended by a qualified healthcare professional. Fertility care may include prevention, diagnosis and treatment, depending on the findings.

Your fertility deserves informed, evidence-based care

Difficulty conceiving can be emotionally challenging, but it is a medical issue that deserves compassionate and professional attention. Fertility problems can affect both men and women, and experiencing difficulty conceiving is not necessarily anyone's fault. WHO emphasises the importance of accessible, safe and quality fertility care without stigma.

If you have concerns about your fertility, speak with a qualified doctor who can assess your individual circumstances and advise you on appropriate next steps. Do not self-diagnose or rely on unverified fertility treatments. Get appropriate medical advice and make informed decisions about your reproductive health.